Earlier this year I wrote an introduction to SqlSoup, the SQLAlchemy extension that leverages SQLAlchemy's excellent introspection, mapping, and sql construction to provide a database interface that is both simple and powerful.
Here's what SqlSoup has added since then (continuing with the books/loans/users example tables from pyweboff). Full SqlSoup documentation is on the SQLAlchemy wiki.
Set operations
The introduction covered updating and deleting rows that had been mapped to Python objects. You can also perform updates and deletes directly to the database.
>>> db.loans.insert(book_id=book_id, user_name=user.name) MappedLoans(book_id=2,user_name='Bhargan Basepair',loan_date=None) >>> db.flush() >>> db.loans.delete(db.loans.c.book_id==2) >>> db.loans.update(db.loans.c.book_id==2, book_id=1) >>> db.loans.select_by(db.loans.c.book_id==1) [MappedLoans(book_id=1,user_name='Joe Student',loan_date=datetime.datetime(2006, 7, 12, 0, 0))]
Joins
Occasionally, you will want to pull out a lot of data from related tables all at once. In this situation, it is far more efficient to have the database perform the necessary join. (Here we do not have "a lot of data," but hopefully the concept is still clear.) SQLAlchemy is smart enough to recognize that loans has a foreign key to users, and uses that as the join condition automatically.
>>> join1 = db.join(db.users, db.loans, isouter=True) >>> join1.select_by(name='Joe Student') [MappedJoin(name='Joe Student',email='student@example.edu',password='student',classname=None,admin=0,book_id=1,user_name='Joe Student',loan_date=datetime.datetime(2006, 7, 12, 0, 0))]
If you're unfortunate enough to be using MySQL with the default MyISAM storage engine, you'll have to specify the join condition manually, since MyISAM does not store foreign keys. Here's the same join again, with the join condition explicitly specified:
>>> db.join(db.users, db.loans, db.users.c.name==db.loans.c.user_name, isouter=True) <class 'sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup.MappedJoin'>
You can compose arbitrarily complex joins by combining Join objects with tables or other joins. Here we combine our first join with the books table:
>>> join2 = db.join(join1, db.books) >>> join2.select() [MappedJoin(name='Joe Student',email='student@example.edu',password='student',classname=None,admin=0,book_id=1,user_name='Joe Student',loan_date=datetime.datetime(2006, 7, 12, 0, 0),id=1,title='Mustards I Have Known',published_year='1989',authors='Jones')]
If you join tables that have an identical column name, wrap your join with "with_labels", to disambiguate columns with their table name:
>>> db.with_labels(join1).c.keys() ['users_name', 'users_email', 'users_password', 'users_classname', 'users_admin', 'loans_book_id', 'loans_user_name', 'loans_loan_date']
Advanced mapping
SqlSoup can map any SQLAlchemy Selectable with the map method. Let's map a Select object that uses an aggregate function; we'll use the SQLAlchemy Table that SqlSoup introspected as the basis. (Since we're not mapping to a simple table or join, we need to tell SQLAlchemy how to find the "primary key," which just needs to be unique within the select, and not necessarily correspond to a "real" PK in the database.)
>>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
>>> b = db.books._table
>>> s = select([b.c.published_year, func.count('*').label('n')], from_obj=[b], group_by=[b.c.published_year])
>>> s = s.alias('years_with_count')
>>> years_with_count = db.map(s, primary_key=[s.c.published_year])
>>> years_with_count.select_by(published_year='1989')
[MappedBooks(published_year='1989',n=1)]
Obviously if we just wanted to get a list of counts associated with book years once, raw SQL is going to be less work. The advantage of mapping a Select is reusability, both standalone and in Joins. (And if you go to full SQLAlchemy, you can perform mappings like this directly to your object models.)
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